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Flame retardants generally work through three main mechanisms: Cooling Effect (endothermic reactions), Barrier Formation (protective char layer), and Gas Phase Inhibition (releasing non-combustible gases or radical scavengers).

Additive Flame Retardants are physically mixed into the polymer and do not chemically bond, making them versatile. Reactive Flame Retardants are chemically bonded into the polymer chain during polymerization, offering better long-term stability and preventing leaching.

A synergist is a substance that significantly enhances the flame-retardant effect when used in combination. The most common synergist for halogenated flame retardants is Antimony Trioxide (Sb2O3), which creates a much more effective barrier against fire.

Modern flame retardants are subject to strict regulatory standards (such as REACH and TSCA). Reputable manufacturers ensure their products are non-toxic, low-odor, and free from banned substances, though proper handling procedures like wearing PPE should always be followed.

It depends on the type and amount used. While the goal is fire resistance, some can act as plasticizers or fillers. High loading levels might slightly impact tensile strength or transparency, so balancing the formulation is important.