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PN is the pressure rating used in European standards (e.g., DIN, GB), typically measured in bar (e.g., PN16 stands for 1.6 MPa). Class is the rating used in American standards (ANSI/ASME), such as Class 150. They cannot be converted simply because their reference temperatures and material strength curves differ.

SS304 is a general-purpose stainless steel suitable for water, oil, gas, and non-corrosive media. SS316 contains Molybdenum (Mo), which provides superior resistance to chloride corrosion and pitting, making it ideal for marine, chemical, or highly corrosive environments.

In a Swing Check Valve, the disc swings on a hinge, offering lower flow resistance; it is commonly used for large-diameter pipelines. In a Lift Check Valve, the disc moves vertically along an axis, offering better sealing but higher flow resistance; it is typically used for small-diameter pipes.

Ball valves are designed for full-on or full-off service. In a half-open position, the high-velocity flow strikes the exposed parts of the ball and seats, causing seat erosion or 'wire drawing' on the ball, which shortens the valve's lifespan. For throttling, use globe valves or control valves.

A Full Bore ball valve has a port diameter equal to the pipe's internal diameter, resulting in minimal flow resistance and allowing for 'pigging' operations. A Reduced Bore valve has a smaller port than the pipe ID, which is more cost-effective and suitable for systems where pressure drop is not a critical concern.