Material selection is the foundation of durability. For high-traffic public libraries, cold-rolled steel (SPCC) is the industry standard due to its high load-bearing capacity and resistance to warping. If the aesthetic is a priority for boutique or school libraries, solid wood or high-density fiberboard (HDF) with a melamine finish offers a warmer look, but ensure the wood is kiln-dried to prevent cracking. For metal shelves, a powder-coated finish is essential to prevent rust and provide a smooth, scratch-resistant surface.